Why have index funds increased in popularity over time? Why were Malkiel’s ideas for index funds rejected when Random Walk was initially published in 1973? Does Malkiel provide specific examples that might support this change over time?

How does the Dutch tulip boom show the process by which bubbles form? Relate the tulip boom to the South Sea Company bubble and the GameStop meme stock bubble. How do these situations seem similar? How are they different?

Compare and contrast firm-foundation theory and castle-in-the-air theory. In what ways are the two theories similar? What different goals might each theory be better at serving?