Saint Malo is a walled city on the coast of Brittany, France, on the English Channel. The city’s history dates back to antiquity, and its high walls were first constructed in the 4th century CE, when the city was part of the Roman Empire, as protection against raiders crossing the channel from lands beyond the empire’s frontier. From the early middle ages into the 19th century, Saint-Malo was the home port of the corsairs—French privateers who had state permission to conduct raids on any ships belonging to states at war with France. The line between the corsairs’ legalized plundering and outright piracy was often quite blurry, and corsairs frequently became pirates in times of peace. In this period, Saint-Malo developed a fiercely independent identity, reflected in the city’s motto: Ni Français, ni Breton, Malouin suis—“Neither French, nor Breton, I am Malouin.”

When France fell under German occupation during World War II, Saint-Malo’s ancient city walls made it attractive to the occupiers as a fortress—part of the “Atlantic Wall” program by which Germany intended to defend its captured European territory against invasions from the sea. Saint-Malo was the last German position on the European mainland to surrender to Allied forces. After the

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