In the author’s note, Joseph Bruchac describes the core of the story as a parable about respecting other cultures and languages. What role does cultural empathy and respect play in the novel, and how does this principle serve Ned throughout his life? As you develop your ideas, consider the following:

• Which instances of cultural disrespect impact Ned’s identity and motivations, and why?
• What happens when Ned encounters cultural disrespect and apathy during the war?
• How does being Navajo help Ned empathize with other people and cultures?
• In what ways does Ned show empathy for the Japanese and why?
• How were code talkers disrespected for their language before, during, and after the war?
• How does a deep respect for the Navajo Way support Ned throughout his life?
• How can the story of the code talkers encourage cultural respect and empathy today?

Teaching Suggestion: Students may benefit from written copies of the questions to refer to during discussion. Previewing questions ahead of time may prepare students for more specific, in-depth answers with textual references. Group or personal notetaking may also increase information retention.

Differentiation Suggestion: Nonverbal or socially anxious students may benefit from submitted written responses in place of verbal participation in a class discussion, while students with hearing impairments may benefit from optimized seating and transcribed discussion notes.