Altruism, or selfless concern for others, isn’t merely an occasional outlier in human behavior, contends Rutger Bregman; rather, it’s embedded in human DNA. Throughout the book, he marshals an array of evidence—ranging from historical narratives to scientific inquiries—to dispute the prevailing cynical views about human conduct. In essence, altruism serves as Bregman’s riposte to entrenched social, philosophical, and scientific beliefs that consider humans inherently self-interested.

Originating from the work of the philosopher Thomas Hobbes, this perspective argues that humans are essentially selfish and warlike, requiring a strong hand of governance to maintain social harmony. But Bregman is not convinced. Throughout the book, he accumulates evidence suggesting that people are more naturally inclined to engage in cooperation and live without aggression. Understanding this Hobbesian backdrop is important for grasping the popular narrative that Bregman works to debunk.

This term, coined by Bregman, suggests that humans, much like domesticated dogs, are wired for friendliness and sociability. This model contrasts with the more traditionally accepted “survival of the fittest” models of human development. Bregman employs this term to put forth an optimistic view of human nature.