One of the key themes in Novum Organum is criticism of historic and contemporary approaches to science and learning. Where does Bacon present exceptions to this, and why? Look for examples in which he is positive about an existing or historical idea or approach. How does this serve Bacon’s main themes?

Consider Bacon’s four “idols,” introduced in Aphorism 39—the tribe, the den, the market, and the theater. Why has Bacon chosen these titles for them? How do these words, alongside the word idol, shape the tone and meaning of his points?

What techniques does Bacon use to make Novum Organum persuasive? You might consider his use of supporting examples, poetic language, and religion.