Until the mid-20th century, scientists believed all elements existed since the beginning of time. Keane disabuses us of this notion by explaining that many elements occur through the life cycle of a star.

In 1939 researchers figured out that the sun generates heat by fusing hydrogen atoms into helium; in the 1950s, scientists further proved that heavier elements also are forged inside stars. When stars run out of hydrogen, they fuse helium: “Pretty soon appreciable amounts of lithium, boron, beryllium, and especially carbon accumulate inside stars” (67).

The largest stars keep going, creating all the elements up to iron, number 26. At that point, the stars run out of material, their interior furnaces shut down, and they collapse and explode; in that moment, elements 27 through 92 are created and dispersed. The solar system is created in this way: “About 4.6 billion years ago, a supernova sent a sonic boom through a flat cloud of space dust” (68), blending its elements with the dust and causing ripples that evolve into the sun and planets.

The planet Jupiter is so large that it contains exotic materials, possibly including gigantic diamonds and “metallic hydrogen” (70). Were it ten times larger, Jupiter would be a protostar called a brown dwarf.