Don Miguel Ruiz is a former neurosurgeon turned spiritual teacher who bases his work on the Toltec tradition, an ancient Mesoamerican culture seen as a precursor to the Aztec Empire. Raised in a family of traditional Mexican healers, Ruiz initially diverged from this path to pursue Western medicine, but he returned to his cultural roots following a near-fatal car accident. After a period of intensive study under a shaman, he sought to synthesize Toltec wisdom with contemporary life philosophies. This blend forms the foundation of The Four Agreements, a spiritual self-help book advocating personal freedom through shifts in mindset.

While Ruiz’s medical background suggests an approach rooted in clinical evidence, it is his apprenticeship in Toltec wisdom that primarily informs the book. This duality offers a unique lens—one rooted in Indigenous spiritual philosophy while drawing from psychological science. However, the lack of empirical grounding may limit the book’s credibility for readers seeking evidence-based approaches. Ruiz presents his teachings as universal truths, but their origin in a specific cultural and spiritual tradition means that their applicability may vary depending on the reader’s worldview. Still, for readers open to metaphysical frameworks, Ruiz's perspective is internally consistent and structured with clarity, making the text accessible and thought-provoking.