As the supreme authority in Islam, the Qur’an shapes the religion’s theology, ethics, laws, and rituals. It is regarded by Muslims as the literal word of God, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. This divine message is considered eternal, universal, and central to the lives of over a billion Muslims worldwide. Beyond its religious role, the Qur’an has influenced disciplines such as Arabic grammar, rhetoric, calligraphy, and law, extending its impact across cultures and languages.

Muhammad, born in 570 CE in Mecca, grew up in a society characterized by polytheism, tribal rivalries, and widespread social injustices. Orphaned at a young age, he was raised by his grandfather and, later, his uncle. In his twenties, Muhammad worked as a trader, earning a reputation for honesty and integrity. He married Khadija, a wealthy widow who became his confidante and supporter. Muhammad often retreated to the Cave of Hira to meditate, and in 610 CE, he experienced his first revelation from God. This marked the beginning of his prophethood, as he was commanded by God to deliver His message of monotheism, equality, and social justice. These teachings challenged the dominant religious and social systems of Mecca, leading to Muhammad’s persecution.